Police Misconduct and Corruption Essay Example for Free

Police Misconduct and Corruption Essay Police and Society January 31, 2013 Police Misconduct and Corruption In the mid 1990’s police fierceness had gotten normal; cops manhandled their forces and became ruthless when managing guilty parties and even non-wrongdoers. One notorious case of such mercilessness happened in 1992 in Los Angeles when a dark man named Rodney King was brutally beat by five officials for being â€Å"black. The five officials more than once struck King as a couple of different officials remained by not giving any consideration to the circumstance close by. Two of the five officials were later cleared which maddened the dark and Latino people group the world over as did the tape of the occurrence. This occurrence did anyway put more consideration and mindfulness on the issue of police ruthlessness. Half a month after the King episode, a medication outrage in New York emitted into another police severity occurrence. This provoked an examination on police debasement by the Mollen Commission. The examination discovered numerous events of police manhandles, including severity, debasement, and prevarication. A century prior to the Mollen Commission, in 1894 the Lexow Commission in New York found similar events of police severity. This shows police debasement has been continuing for a long time and is proceeding to happen now. In spite of the fact that the open less acknowledges police fierceness now, it is accepted that most police defilement is done â€Å"underground† or through lawful escape clauses. I have decided to investigate Police Brutality since I think that its crazy that the individuals who pledged to secure us cheat the law and utilize extreme power without reason. I am studying Sociology and Criminal Justice, so I am interested to find out regarding why officials want to get merciless. Is it a desire of intensity? I’m keen on finding out about the humanism of police ruthlessness.

Description of a Response Journal Essay Example for Free

Depiction of a Response Journal Essay Diaries furnish students with a chance to record their own contemplations, feelings, thoughts, questions, reflections, associations, and new learning on what they hear, see, read, compose, examine and think. â€Å"What we as instructors need is that their composing empower understudies to customize a story and addition experiences about the character, to enable them to reflect, and to assist them with seeing the world in an alternate way.† (Brownlie, 2005) â€Å"Our reflections are the creation of more profound importance and more extravagant understandings. Our appearance are our fantasies, our thoughts, our inquiries, our drives, our dreams †our excursions of long lasting learning and educating. † (Schwartz Bone, 1995) For what reason are Response Journals a powerful understanding technique? Reaction diaries permit the understudies to â€Å"remember to clutch their thinking† about what they are perusing. (Zimmermann, 1997) Reaction diaries are effectively actualized at all levels. They can be utilized to target explicit results of the Provincial ELA Curriculum. Reaction diaries can be utilized with any kind of writing (verse, short stories, media content, novel examinations) and in various substance regions that utilization descriptive content. When should Response Journals be presented? Reaction diaries ought to be presented as quickly as time permits utilizing framework, for example, sentence casings or prompts to begin. The objective ought to be to have understudies enter the center years feeling great with recording their reactions to perusing with next to zero framework. How might I guarantee understudy achievement? Pick verse, stories or books with enough profundity to inspire reactions. Understudies ought to have the chance to examine the perusing before consistently being approached to compose a reaction. Utilization of the â€Å"Say Something† technique (Brownlie, 2005) makes an air of acknowledgment and trust. Displaying, framework, building measures with understudies and practice with input are the most significant apparatuses for improving the nature of reactions. Platform is the utilization of an assortment of starters, casings and realistic coordinators to permit understudies to create astute reactions. If necessary, open finished prompts might be utilized for certain understudies. (See Appendix) Modeling is basic to the accomplishment of understudy diary composing. Educators need to display their contemplating a chose bit of content and how that reasoning can be utilized to shape a composed reaction. This should be done routinely during the time with an assortment of writings and reactions. Understudies require visit practice in the different types of diary composing. The educator must give input dependent on rules that has been created with the understudies. This training with input permits understudies to screen their development and set objectives for future diary reactions. What are the various arrangements for Response Journals? (See Appendix for models) 1. Twofold Entry Journal This is the most widely recognized reaction diary. The page is partitioned down the middle the long way. One side alludes to a particular bit of content as a statement or a rundown. The particular content may focus on a scholarly procedure, method or component of the author’s create. It might likewise inspire an individual reaction, for example, an association, feeling or assessment. The opposite side focuses on the students’ considerations with respect to the chose bit of content. 2. Journal Entry In this style, the understudy composes from the perspective of one of the characters. It ought to incorporate what the character may be thinking or feeling. 3. Representation Understudies draw or represent a particular scene utilizing thought air pockets or inscriptions to show the character’s contemplations and sentiments or exhibit the scene’s significance. (Brownlie, 2005) 4. Meeting The understudy makes up questions they would solicit one from the fundamental characters. The inquiries are replied in the characters â€Å"voice†. 5. Letter There are numerous choices in this reaction. Understudies may compose a letter to a character, to the creator, to the educator, to a companion, to another understudy. In the letter they are posing inquiries or sharing thoughts regarding what they have perused. On occasion, certain letter types could be reacted to in a similar manner as a Dialog Journal. 6. Discourse Journal Understudies perusing a similar novel work two by two. They compose a reflection to their accomplice in light of the novel. The next day, they trade diaries and compose back to their accomplice. (Brownlie, 2005) 7.Graphic Organizers Realistic coordinators, for example, KWL Charts, Mind Maps, Venn Diagrams, Timelines, Bar Line Graphs are utilized to help understudies in building importance from content. 8.Coding the Text There are an assortment of coding methods including the utilization of stickies or featuring to target explicit components of content, for example, jargon, allegorical language, and confounding pieces of content, questions and essential statements. In the event that particular letter/image codes are being utilized, they ought to be created in a joint effort with your understudies and unmistakably posted in your room. How would I evaluate my students’ diary reactions? Instructors survey for content not shows. Understudies must be a piece of the standards setting process. This will empower understudies to set clear and practical objectives. Educators may decide to analyze diary passages as proof of understudy composing at the draft stage. Nonetheless, this doesn't imply that understudies can't pick one of their reactions to take through the creative cycle and distribute sometime in the not too distant future. How would I assemble and use standards with my understudies? Measures are the principles by which something can be judged or esteemed. At the point when we decide these rules, we are choosing what matters. Educators set measures with their understudies. At the point when understudies are engaged with creating standards, they are considerably more prone to comprehend what is anticipated from them, â€Å"buy in†, and afterward achieve the errand effectively. A four stage process for setting standards with understudies energizes understudy interest, comprehension and proprietorship. The initial three stages ought to be completed previously or as understudies are starting their task or task. †¢Brainstorm †¢Sort and Categorize †¢Make and Post a T-Chart †¢Add, Reuse, Refine For additional data on setting standards, allude to Setting and Using Criteria. Copyright 1997. Kathleen Gregory, Caren Cameron, Anne Davies, Connections Publishing. How would I tie the Reading Continuum descriptors to my students’ diary reactions? At each degree of the continuum, there are descriptors that can be surveyed by some sort of diary reaction. For instance, at the Expanding Level understudies ought to have the option to â€Å"express assessments with proof from the text†. In the diary reaction, the instructor ought to be searching for suppositions bolstered with proof from the content. The instructor should see proof of this in any event multiple times before taking note of this ability on the understanding continuum.

What an Illinois Student Eats in a Week

What an Illinois Student Eats in a Week When I was a high school senior, I had a lot of questions about dorm food. What was it like? Would I enjoy it? Is it better than high school cafeteria food? To help with any questions you may have (and because I thought it would be fun to write about!), I took a picture of every meal I ate throughout the week and pieced the pictures together here. Heres What an Illinois Student (me!) Eats in a Week: Monday 9/25 Breakfast â€" Illinois Street Residence Hall On this day, I woke up super early in order to start this blog post off right! I don’t get breakfast in the dining hall often, but I thought the first meal of this blog post needed to be from the University itself. Here, you’ll see buttermilk pancakes, a pork sausage patty, a hash brown patty, and a tall glass of milk. It was worth getting up a half-hour earlier! Lunch â€" Busey-Evans Once my morning classes were done, I walked down the street to Busey-Evans for lunch. There was a huge variety of food that day, but I picked what appealed most to meâ€"a grilled cheese sandwich, “roasted vegetable loaded baker” (seriously, that’s what they called it!), cream of tomato soup, Don’s pasta salad, some cheese sauce on the side, and blue Powerade. I loved dipping my grilled cheese into the tomato soup. Dinner â€" Illinois Street Residence Hall After an extremely long day (6 classes!), I found my way back to ISR for dinner. In this photo I show off some halal fried chicken wings, an assorted dinner roll, polenta, soy ginger flank steak, and a cold glass of water. The steak tasted great, and I needed the glass of water after a hot day outside! Tuesday 9/26 Breakfast â€" My Dorm Room This breakfast is much more like what I normally  eat. In this image, you see a brown sugar Pop-Tart, Goldfish crackers, and some homemade cookies that my roommate gave me (thank you!). Usually, I don’t get up early enough (I love sleep) to go have a meal at the dining hall. Instead, I see what I have around my room that’s filling enough, and roll with it! I usually eat while heading to class (i.e. see later days in this post) so I can sleep as much as possible before my 8 a.m. class. Lunch â€" Ikenberry Dining Hall Before heading to a music rehearsal, I stopped by Ikenberry with a friend for lunch. To avoid the wait, I chose the shortest line I saw and picked up some soup, golden french fries, beef slices, a chicken sandwich, and a glass of iced water. What’s not shown? The awesome chocolate and vanilla ice cream cone I had for dessert! Dinner â€" Chomps, ISR I have a wacky schedule early in the week, so I unfortunately did not make it to any dining hall before they all closed. Instead, I headed to Illinois Street Residence Hall’s Chomps (a late-night dining option). My favorite hamburgers are cooked up at Chomps, so here you’ll see my swiss cheese hamburger, a side of fries, and a leftover Portillo’s milkshake I kept in the fridge after my my mom took me there during the weekend. Wednesday 9/27 Breakfast â€" Smith Memorial Hall On Wednesday morning, I was in a HUGE rush to get to class on time. As the week goes on, I procrastinate getting up in the morning. I quickly grabbed another brown sugar Pop-Tart and headed to my morning piano class (which you can see in the picture). Lunch â€" Busey-Evans Dining Hall After a full morning of classes, I walked with a group of friends to Busey-Evans. Above, you’ll see two fish-fillet sliders, cheese-stuffed ravioli, potato wedges, and a blue Powerade. The cheese-stuffed ravioli were my favorite part of the whole meal. I enjoyed being able to sit at one of Busey-Evans long dining tables with a large group of friends as I munched on my food. Dinner â€" 57 North, Ikenberry NOT PICTURED And here you see… nothing! Whoops! But I promise that I did eat dinner, even if it was on the go! On Wednesdays, a lot of my student organizations have meetings, and September 27 was no exception. After one meeting ended, I quickly ran to 57 North, Ikenberry’s alternative convenience-store style food option, and ran back to another meeting. I had a hamburger and a milkshake. I didn’t realize that I hadn’t taken a picture until after my hamburger was in my stomach and my milkshake was halfway gone. Sorry, friends! Thursday 9/28 Breakfast â€" Bus Stop Wanting to take a break from the Pop-Tarts, I tried pouring myself a bowl of Life cereal. After realizing my roommate and I were out of milk (and that I was running a few minutes late), I put the cereal in a container and ran out the door. I didn’t even miss my bus! Lunch â€" Illinois Street Residence Hall Since I forgot to take a picture of my dinner the night before, I tried to make up for it by including my friend’s lunch in this photo. Before my last rehearsal of the week, I stopped by ISR to grab a plate of spaghetti with marinara sauce, waffle fries, and a blue Powerade. On my friend’s plate, you’ll see a hamburger with bacon and french fries. Dinner â€" Illinois Street Residence Hall Even though I ate it for lunch that day, I couldn’t skip the spaghetti! With mashed potatoes and garlic bread on the side, it was a good meal. Friday 9/28 Breakfast â€" Smith Memorial Hall The Pop-Tart returns! Another day of on-the-go breakfast. Since it was Friday, I was glad it was my last day of running out the door in a hurry for a moment. Lunch â€" Busey-Evans’ Oodles While this picture doesn’t do it justice, this meal was delicious! Oodles is Busey-Evans specialty-lunch dining option open on Fridays. While the line is long, it’s worth the wait. You pick your toppings before a cook mixes your toppings and noodles in a pan to create a yummy pasta dish. On mine, I requested bacon, chicken, cheese, marinara, and a few other items. If you have a little over an hour for lunch on Fridays, drop by Oodles to check it out. Dinner â€" Harding Band Building Surprise! Friday was a football game day here on campus. Immediately after one of my classes ended at 3 p.m., I hopped into my uniform, zipped it up, grabbed my horn, and made my way to Memorial Stadium. After a short performance, we walked to go pick up our Jimmy Johns from the Harding Band Building before our Pregame performance. (This is actually not a new picture! You may remember it from my earlier blog post. I figured it was safe to reuse this picture since my Jimmy John’s box looks the same every game day.) That’s all the pictures I have! I hope you enjoyed seeing what a college kid eats in a week. While I had many great meals, I think my favorite was my lunch from Oodles! Thanks for reading, and Ill see you in my next blog! Lydia Class of 2021 My major is Instrumental Music Education within the College of Fine and Applied Arts. I'm also part of the Marching Illini! Before moving to Urbana, I lived in Collinsville, Illinois, where we are known for some killer Italian food and the World’s Largest Catsup Bottle.

Masculinity in the Russian Mafia - 1677 Words

Eastern Promises challenges the view of hegemonic masculinity as a a static, unified concept. By analyzing the behaviors of members of the Russian mafia, vory y zakone (thieves in law), particularly of Kirill and Nikolai, this paper will illustrate how masculinities are constructed, performed and reaffirmed in the context of the Russian mafia vory y zakone. The paper will begin by describing the main tends of masculinities theory, proposing that vory y zakone are creating oppositional masculinity. Keeping this context in mind, it will be illustrated how men in vory y zakone are constructing and performing masculinity through degradation of women more specifically sexual and verbal abuse, through the use of violence and†¦show more content†¦This can also be seen in the sex position that Nikolai choses. The sex position known as doggy style is often seen as symbolically impersonal and demeaning, as the position involves the women to be on her knees while the men takes full c harge with little possibility for eye contact. Furthermore, Nikolai shows no sign of affection nor engages in conversation with the girl in Kirill’s presence. Kirill watching Nikoai have sex with the girl illustrates how degradation of women serves as performance of reaffirming masculinity for other men. Gang rape serves as a way for men enact masculinity and power in relation to women but also to other men (Bourgois 1996, pg. 423). One particular reference to gang rape is when Kirill was expected to rape Anna, the author of the diary. When he could not rape her, his father Siymon raped her in front of Kirill, thus displaying and reaffirming his masculinity to his son, who failed to do so. Masculinity can also be created through verbal degradation of women. Kirill and Nikoai constantly degrade women verbally during their conversations, making comments such as that women should be tamed like a horse and referring to women as â€Å"bitches†. They therefore imply the su bordinate status of women and imply that they need to be controlled. Heteronormativity in the mafia One of the main words heard often throughout the movie is the term â€Å"queer†. Being queer orShow MoreRelatedBreaking Bad And Orange Is The New Black3602 Words   |  15 Pagesthe mainstream industry. Also by critically breaking down character roles, scenes, and themes of both TV series, we can understand how influenced our social understandings and perspectives are. Lastly, by explicitly focusing on the themes of sex, masculinity and femininity, which all formulate the concept of gender as well as exploring the depiction of criminality, this paper will critique how BB and OITNB approach diversity. A contrast between the two series will also be made by evaluating secondaryRead MoreStarbucks to Russia5283 Words   |  22 Pagesstrategic location, providing the speedy and effective access to the countries of the CIS, the large number of population and increasing in consume rs purchasing power, Russian market is a profitable area that should not be overlooked at all. Market Research According to the research from Euromonitor International (October, 2005), Russian coffee market is dominated by an instant coffee with a significant 90% share of the market in value terms. The fresh coffee market is still in the introductory phaseRead More Chechnya and its People Essay5500 Words   |  22 PagesChechnya and its People The ongoing civil war between the semi-autonomous republic of Chechnya and Russia has dramatically caught the attention of the world – a world that perceives the conflict primarily through the distorted lens of Russian propaganda, and the contradicting images of Chechen suffering on the independent media. If the West seems impartial or even indifferent to the Chechen conflict, it is because there is little understanding of this people, of their struggle, or of the vastRead MoreRepresentation Of The Working Class2386 Words   |  10 Pageshostile world’ (Celli 2001: 12), which left them isolated from society. It seems as if the world is conspiring against Antonio in Ladri di Biciclette, insofar as every faction of society treats him with disdain, including the party, Church, police, and Mafia. Therefore, it follows that the Italian state is the main culprit for the creation of working-class isolation (Celli 2001: 12). Antonio battles with officials from the sate employm ent office in order to find work. During the scene, in which AntonioRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pagesneeded (imagine a large battery big enough to store enough electricity for a large city). What impact would this have on the wind and solar industries— consolidation, price wars? How will your business model change? Assume you are a Saudi Arabian or Russian oil company. One scenario is demand for oil dries up and drops to 5 percent of today’s demand. Should these companies begin to slowly invest in projects to develop and become experts in alternative energy sources? Another example: Around 1990 IBM

One Simple Tip About Essay Topics Descriptive Revealed

One Simple Tip About Essay Topics Descriptive Revealed The very first paragraph can concentrate on a thorough description of the topic itself. At precisely the same time the essay give us various suggestions to overcome the problem of miserable wellness of the public in the countries that are low in economic grounds. If you have to persuade, be sure that you are moderately passionate about the matter. On our page you'll be able to find lots of examples of descriptive writing and a number of other essays on several topics. Think about the kind of essay you're predicted to produce. If you cannot produce this kind of essay, you always have the option to get assistance from academic experts. Learn to select your phrase well in case you need to attain an exemplary descriptive essay on any topic. You're going to be amazed to understand that essay writers will supply you your essay before the deadline. As all our writers are gurus in academic writing, you can discover essays on several different descriptive essay topics that will be useful in your case. Your essay has to be minimum 500 words. If you don't know anything about descriptive essays you should certainly search for descriptive essay examples, which you'll be able to discover online, in addition to at Professays.com. As you learn to compose a descriptive essay, you want to likewise master the structure for your essay. It isn't difficult to learn to compose a descriptive essay even if you're an amateur in the exact same. Don't panic if you are not able to receive your descriptive essay right. A descriptive essay is an essay that's bound to deliver some type of detailed info on a particular subject. It may be considered one of the simplest although deeply involving essays. A superior descriptive essay comes out of a knowledgeable and imaginative mind. Generally the toughest facet of developing a descriptive essay is picking the topic. When you're working on your essay, you should select your topic carefully. Our mastery and comprehension of descriptive essay topics differ, and that is the reason we also acquire various grades. First and foremost you need to select an intriguing topic. With a tiny bit of practice, you'll really get into what a topic is all about, and the way it's related to your reader. To begin with, research this issue you've been given. You may also personalize the topics. You should choose a topic that you're interesting in. The Fight Against Essay Topics Descriptive Descriptive writing is easy and difficult at the very same time, especially if you're a freshman. Descriptive essay topics could possibly be exhibited by utilizing any the item array of numerous techniques along with types. Descriptive essays can fluctuate, based on what you're describing. Inside my experience, descriptive essays are only difficult in regards to deciding just what things to write about. It's possible to find an expert to look at your essay for mistakes. Editors are usually encouraged to ask other people to examine the paper also or loudly read paper, so they establish whether there are notably errors. College application essay topics are an important portion of an entertaining and compelling bit of writing. Modern-day plagiarism policies are excessively hard. On our site, you can find lots of suggestions for themes for an argumentative essay. A great essay creation will always count on the means by which you think and the direction you describe. For the large part, nonetheless, your essay should describe the notion of economy and think about why economics have started to take up such an important part in social studies. Though, there are particular patterns that you are going to follow when you compose a descriptive essay. Subsequent paragraphs of the human body should consist of different events while observing continuity with the beginning of the essay body. Despite the fact that you might not have a descriptive narrative essay outline to follow, you need to be careful how to compose a beneficial piece for the audience. Anyhow, the true simple structure has to be followed. The structure of this kind of essay is comparable to numerous others it should incorporate an introduction, a principal part and a conclusion.

Bread of the World Free Essays

Our nation’s dedication in eradicating poverty has indeed created a great impact in the country’s image. The humanitarian programs of the government has effectively help millions of families survive the test of poverty. In addition, the foreign assistance has help alleviate the economy of the other countries drowned in poverty. We will write a custom essay sample on Bread of the World or any similar topic only for you Order Now But, at present, poverty is still prevalent in the poor continents like Africa. Inadequacy of food has killed thousands of lives of young Africans. Due to the continuous poverty, the hope for development may never be realized in some poor countries. This also proves that the foreign aid being afforded by the country is not enough. Hence, this letter asks your good office to initiate a change of the country’s foreign aid programs and policies. Time for action should be instigated now. By your help, please coordinate with your fellow solons to include poverty among the priorities of the country. By enhancing our programs in alleviating poverty, millions of lives would be saved and changed. The period for fighting poverty should be now and be continued until a shadow of it will be eradicated. At the same time, the economic status of the country would eventually be build and the confidence of the people in their government would be strengthened. Let the Congress start renewing foreign aid programs and save many children from death caused by hunger. Sincerely, (Your Name) (Address) Reference Bread for the World Bread for the World Institute. (2008). Bread for the World: Have Faith End Hunger. Retrieved March 20, 2009, from http://www. bread. org/page. jsp? itemID=28131907 How to cite Bread of the World, Papers

The Mood In A Tell Tale Heart Essay Example For Students

The Mood In A Tell Tale Heart Essay This is a critical essay on Edgar Allan Poes The Tell-Tale Heart. This takes place down in a old cellar with a young man and a older man with a vulture eye. In the story the young man stalks the old man for 7 nights and on the 8th night killed the old man with the vulture eye. Then after he kills the man he takes him to the tub and cuts him up in to peaces and drains out the water. After that he takes the peaces then places them ever so slightly so that no human eye could not see. We will write a custom essay on The Mood In A Tell Tale Heart specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Later on the cops came to investigate, after getting a call from a neighbor. The young man went crazy and confessed the whole thing. In the next 3 paragraphs I will discusses imagery, dialogue, and setting. Imagery is a set of mental pictures or images. In this story Poe shows lots of imagery by like they why he had they light, how he stalked the old man, how he killed the old man, and then by the way he heard the pounding heart in his head when the cops came. The way he used the imagery made it feel like you where in the story, when the cops came and the young man heard the pounding hart made a little pounding noise in my head like I was there. I think that this was Poes why to scare the people in his short stories. Dialogue is the conversation between two or more people. The dialogue in this story is how he cant stand the old mans eye so he ends up killing him. I undid the lantern cautiously-oh, so cautiously-cautiously for the hinges creaked0 I undid it just so much that a single ray fell upon the vulture eye. And did this for 7 long nights- but only found the eye closed. This showed how he came in contact with the man and stalked him every night just to get a glimpse of his eye. I smiled,- for what had I to fear? Babe the gentlemen welcome. The dialogue in this was that the to men where cops, so he said that because he knew that he had nothing to fear because of the way he cleaned up. Setting is the time and place in the story. The time in this was mostly at night in the chamber of the old man. Every night, just at twelve, I looked in upon him while he slept. This was showing when and where he was doing this at. At four o clock the bell rang. The people at the door where cops coming to investigate. The setting reflects the mood by show when and where he did things he did. So in conclusion the mood in this short story is strong. By they ways Poe used his words in imagery, dialogue, and setting. The imagery used to direct the mood was by showing the metal picture in your head by strong use of words. The dialogue was when he came in contact to kill the old man then when he comfiest to the cops. Setting was how he showed the dark room in the middle of the night when he stalked the man. The mood in this story made it different because Poe used graphic words and strong mental pictures. Bibliography: The Tell Tale Heart By Edgar Allen Poe .

jom carrey essays

jom carrey essays Jim Carrey came out of nowhere and stunned audiences with his hilarious antics. Having influences helped him along his way. It gave him someone to look up to and work towards being like. Jim Carrey has a style, all his own which has impacted the movie world greatly. Jim Carrey has been in many movies. His earlier movies were, All in Good Taste, Club Med, Rubber face, Buffalo Bill, Duck Factory, Finders Keepers, and Once Bitten. He starred in; In Living Color and this established his name. Then not long after he was offered the Ace Ventura: Pet Detective script. Then came The Mask, Dumb and Dumber, a classic hit, and soon later he received the script for Ace Ventura 2. He starred in the Cable Guy, Liar Liar, The Truman Show, Man on the Moon, Me Myself and Irene, How the Grinch Stole Christmas, The Majestic, Bruce Almighty, and last but not least Being John Malkavich. Jim Carrey was born January 17, 1962 in Newmarket Ontario. He had a rough child hood. His mother, Kathleen, was constantly battling with depression and illness while his father Percy was working as an accountant. When Carrey was in 9th grade his father lost his job and was forced to sell their house. The whole family became janitors or security guards. There was a point when his whole family was living in a camper. Jim would work an 8-hour shift after school, scrubbing toilets and the like, the experience hardening his will to escape to a better life ( Stewart, 1). Jim dropped out of school when he was 16. He wanted to pursue a life on stand-up comedy. He preformed his acts in Toronto clubs and spread his name around. Things went from there and he eventually became who he is today, Jim Carrey a comedic mastermind. Jim Carreys influence was James Stewart. He was an actor who appeared in films from when he had his first two big films in 1938 until about 1976. He was born in 1908 in Indiana, Pennsylvania. H ...

Visa para jóvenes para trabajar como staff campamento

Visa para jà ³venes para trabajar como staff campamento Una de las mejores opciones para jà ³venes para trabajar  en Estados Unidos y practicar inglà ©s con una visa de intercambio J-1 en el programa de staff de un campamento de verano. En este artà ­culo se explican cules son los requisitos para disfrutar de esta oportunidad de trabajar como monitor (staff) en un campamento de verano, cules son las precauciones que deben tomarse para evitar problemas migratorios y cules son otras posibles opciones en programas similares.  ¿Quià ©nes Pueden Aplicar Por Visa J-1 Para Trabajar Como Staff de Campamento? Pueden trabajar en campamentos de verano como staff los extranjeros con una visa J-1 de intercambio los extranjeros que viven habitualmente fuera de Estados Unidos y  que reà ºnan todos los requerimientos siguientes: Tener al menos los 18 aà ±os cumplidosSer estudiante universitario o de un programa acadà ©mico semejante. O ser un trabajador joven o un maestro o una persona adulta con habilidades adecuadas para este trabajo  Tener conocimientos de inglà ©s suficientes para poder supervisar y relacionarse con adolescentes y nià ±os americanos Pasos  Para Trabajar Como Monitor de Campamento en USA Antes de pedir  esta modalidad de la visa J-1 de intercambio en la Embajada o consulado que corresponda es necesario encontrar un patrocinador para ese trabajo. Para ello hay que contactar con una de las organizaciones autorizadas por el Departamento de Estado para patrocinar  extranjeros para este programa.   Este es el listado de organizaciones designadas para patrocinar. Encontrars el nombre de la organizacià ³n, pgina web, su ubicacià ³n (ciudad y estado) y nà ºmero de telà ©fono. Puedes contactar a los que quieras y es posible que tengan un colaborador en tu paà ­s. Pero verifà ­calo por correo electrà ³nico o por telà ©fono con la organizacià ³n en Estados Unidos. Cuando una de estas organizaciones decida patrocinar  te enviar un documento que se conoce con el nombre DS-2019. A  partir de lo  cual puedes iniciar a tramitar la visa por internet llenando el formulario DS-160 y pagando la cuota correspondiente. Y sà ³lo ms tarde tendrs que ir al consulado o a la Embajada a la entrevista.   Si tu solicitud es aprobada, se te dar la visa. Si la solicitud es negada no podrs recuperar el dinero pagado al aplicar por el visado. Cà ³mo Evitar Problemas Migratorios Con Visa de Intercambio Aà ºn cuando se te entregue la visa, no puedes utilizarla para ingresar a Estados Unidos sino hasta que falten 30 dà ­as o menos para la iniciacià ³n del programa de campamento en el que se va a participar. La fecha exacta de comienzo es la que establece el documento DS-2019 que te entregà ³ la institucià ³n que te patrocina. Una vez que finaliza el programa tienes 30 dà ­as para salir de Estados Unidos. A menos que hayas pedido a tiempo una extensià ³n y se haya aprobado. Otros Programas de Intercambio J-1 Que Quiz Te Puedan Interesar Si eres joven y buscas mejorar tu inglà ©s y conocer Estados Unidos y la cultura americana de primera mano puede que te interesen programas similares al de monitor de campamento y que tambià ©n requieren de una visa J-1, puede que consideres de interà ©s los siguientes programas. Por ejemplo, la visa para  trabajar  y viajar en verano, tambià ©n conocida como SWT, por sus siglas en inglà ©s, o la de  Au-pair, tambià ©n conocido en algunos paà ­ses como nià ±era o canguro. Finalmente, los muchachos que han finalizado sus estudios universitarios pueden estar interesados en programas de prcticas profesionales, que estn disponibles para distintos campos de trabajo, como salud, arquitectura, arte, ciencias, etc. Es muy importante entender que cada programa dentro de la visa J-1 tiene sus propias reglas. De hecho, pueden tener requisitos muy diferentes. Lo fundamental es cumplir con los requerimientos del programa al que se aplica. Las Visas de Estudiantes Como una Excelente Opcià ³n Para Jà ³venes Para los muchachos interesados en estudiar en Estados Unidos estn a su disposicià ³n las visas F-1 para estudiantes de idiomas o en instituciones acadà ©micas  y las visas M-1 para estudios vocacionales o en escuelas no acadà ©micas. Adems, para los mexicanos y canadienses transfronterizos est a su disposicià ³n la visa F-3. En la actualidad Estados Unidos es el paà ­s del mundo con mayor nà ºmero de estudiantes internacionales. Los 3 estados preferidos de los alumnos internacionales son, por orden de mayor a menor, California, Nueva York y Texas. En cuanto a las universidades ms populares son New York University, University of South California y Columbia University. Para los que desean estudiar en una universidad estadounidense, sin duda el primer paso es hacerse una idea completa de los requisitos que se necesitan para aplicar con à ©xito a la institucià ³n elegida. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Motivational interviewing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Motivational interviewing - Essay Example Asma’s case offers a practical example that motivational interview, which is client centered, assists the client to know her problems and develop appropriate solution to tackle the issues at hand. Motivational interviewing can be described as a client centered and directive style of counseling that is aimed at bringing behavioral change by assisting clients to explore, analyze and resolve difficult conditions. When compared to other types of counseling techniques, motivation interviewing is goal oriented and focuses directly on options that are available for behavioral change. The analysis and resolution of the difficult condition facing the client is the main focus of eliciting behavioral change (Longshore &Grills,2000). Motivational interviewing, which applies the trans-theoretical model of change, promotes behavioral change by terminating unhealthy behavior or adopting healthy behaviors through six stages of behavioral change. These are preparation, action, relapse, contemp lation, maintenance and pre- contemplation. Motivation to change is stimulated by the client and is not imposed by other people such as counselors. Other motivational approaches stress on persuasion, coercion, and constructive confrontation but unlike motivation interviewing, they fail to mobilize and identify the intrinsic values and goals that are essential to stimulate client’s behavioral change. In motivation intervention, a client’s readiness to change is a gradual product of interpersonal relationship and so a therapist should be responsive and highly attentive to the motivational signs of the client. In motivation interviewing, therapeutic relationship is like a partnership which is aimed at creating a positive environment for change (Miller &Rollnick,1991). Substance abuse has become a disturbing and dangerous contemporary trend that has affected the political, social and economic lives of people. Its implications are far fetching and many stakeholders have pro posed appropriate measures to curb it. One of the concrete measures of eradicating substance abuse and minimizing its effects is to assist people to change their attitudes and behaviors towards its use and develop habits that will deter them from using drugs. Motivation interviewing has become an essential tool of assisting people to minimize drug intake or stop the vice altogether (Block &Wulfert,2000). As a group, our role is to apply motivation interviewing principles in eradicating and minimizing the impact of substance abuse. The name of our client is Asma. Our group consists of four members, who work as a team in assisting substance abuse clients to come out of the condition through motivational interviewing. The members are Fadumo, Glyn, Sharon, and Perpetua. Fadumo played a key role by choosing an appropriate culture that the group would draw the client from. The culture chosen was Somali culture. Glyn managed to make appropriate arrangements for the meeting and later inform ed the members about it. Sharon managed to observe the interviewing environment, detected the mistakes for correction and recorded the interview. Perpetua was mandated with the role of managing issues involved with recording of the interview and communication issues such as managing email communication. The client approaches the group to assist her to stop taking substances. As

Socio-economic and political environment of America Essay

Socio-economic and political environment of America - Essay Example The new racism highlighted the differences within the black community. Interestingly, the new racism also raised controversy vis-a-vis ‘old’ versus ‘new’ civil rights. The civil liberation movement of Martin Luther King based on racial differences had turned into new racism where blacks started fighting within themselves. The black community seemed to be divided on the basis of sexuality. The homosexual blacks saw themselves as victims who were discriminated because of their sexuality. Most importantly, this new racism also became the major factor for the non discriminatory practices and bridged the racial differences between white and black community. The new conscious awareness vis-a-vis sexuality and gender helped realigned social forces and reduced the racial differences. The participation of black community in the mainstream economy has seen trickle down effect. The empowerment of black community has become a reality and election of Barrack Obama as Pre sident is testament to the growing strength of blacks within and outside the American socio-political arena. The development of Rainbow Coalition as economic restructure for African Americans has become a key feature of trickle down economics that has helped black community to become economic partners in America society (Hines, pg. 591).

Different Methods of Chromatography Analysis

Different Methods of Chromatography Analysis General Introduction Health is of prime importance to a human beings and wants to get cured in the least possible time whenever they falls ill. This desire and necessity has resulted in the use of a large number of synthetic organic compounds as medicines despite the fact that usually side effects are associated with the use of these drugs. In recent times, practice of giving a number of drugs together has very much increased. Due to drug interaction, the levels of the active drugs together has very much increased. Due to drugs interaction, the levels of the active drug may be too high for a longer time to cause side effects. Further, the reduction/ oxidation products of these medicines, which are produced during the metabolism may also be responsible for their side effects. It is therefore necessary to develop sensitive trace analytical methods for the analysis of the drugs by using UV Spectrophotometer, most sophisticated and advanced chromatographic techniques like UPLC, GC, HPLC etc. Use of pharmaceutical preparations to make their determination, a matter of for most importance. Due to the great variability of the materials, which are to be analyzed; skillful sampling, preliminary clean-up procedure and selection of a appropriate method in the assay is necessary. With the introduction of new and more potent drugs every year, the pharmaceutical analyst is called upon to devise new analytical methods like chromatographic techniques; with ever increasing sensitivity, specificity and simplicity for new drugs . HISTORY OF CHROMATOGRAPHY1 The study of chromatography happening in eighteenth century when with a immense significance the nature of inorganic compounds was considered on filter paper by Runge. In 1898 Day in USA forced crude petroleum throughout a column of limestone and fuller’s earth. The chromatographic theory was discovered first by a Russian botanist , MichaelTswett (1906) who make use of a glass column of calcium carbonate for separation of chlorophyll pigments from plant by using petroleum ether. The major development occurred around 1930 when Lederer and co-workers in 1931 separated xanthine and lutein on a column of calcium carbonate powder. In 1935 ,Adams and Holmes observed some synthetic ion exchange resins capable of exchanging ions  and thus ion exchange chromatography came in to existence. In 1944, Martin, Consden ,Gorden replaced silica gel columns by strips of filter paper and developed Paper chromatography. Thin layer chromatography though discovered first by Lzmailer and Shraiber , was further developed By Stahl and co-workers using silica gel on glass plates. Amongest the newest and most effective chromatographic technique for analyzing complex mixtures is Gas chromatography. It was introduced by Martin and James in 1952. INTRODUCTION OF CHROMATOGRAPHY1 A variety of methods are available for the separation of components from the mixture. They are mainly divided in to two types. Chemical methods Physical methods. The physical methods include fractional distillation, extraction, counter-current distribution; crystallization etc.These methods are effective in separation, purication and identification of many compounds .how ever difficulty arises in case of compounds where individual components have similar physical and chemical properties i.e mixture of liquids having very close boiling points etc. Chromatographic methods corresponds to the most handy and potent technique for these problems. These chromatographic methods are used for the partition of components of a composite mixture. Because of the quickness and efficiency of this methods, it can be used in all fields particulalarly in chemistry, biology, medicine, dyes, forensic departments and clinical studies. The term Chromatography derived from Greek words Kromatos means colour and Graphos –means written. Tswett defined chromatography as the technique in which the components of a combination are separated on an adsorbent column in a flowing system. As per IUPAC Chromatography is defined as a method used mainly for the division of the components of a sample ,in which the components are disseminated between two phases, one of which is stationary whereas the other moves. The stationary phase might be a solid or a liquid support on a solid or a gel, and might be packed in a column ,spread as a layer or disseminated as a film. The mobile phase possibly will be gaseous or liquid. First and foremost for the partition of the components of a sample , in which the components are disseminated . TYPES OF CHROMATOGRAPHY: Chromatographic methods can be classified on the basis of stationary and mobile phases used, depending on the stationary and the mobile phase used, separation occurs because of a combination of two or more factors such as extent of adsorption, rate of migration and capillary action etc†¦ Different types of chromatographic techniques as follows a. Adsorption chromatography b. Partition chromatography c. Paper chromatography d. Thin layer chromatography e. Gas-liquid chromatography f. Gas-solid chromatography g. Ion exchange chromatography A Adsorption Chromatography: The principle underlying the separation of the compounds is adsorption at the solid –liquid interface, for successful separation , the compounds of a mixture must show different degrees of affinity for the solid support and the interaction between adsorbent and component must be reversible, as the adsorbent is washed with fresh solvent the various components will therefore move down the column until, ultimately, they are arranged in order of their affinity for the adsorbent ,those with least affinity move Paper chromatography: Paper partition chromatography was developed by consden et al, In this paper partition chromatography paper is used as the support or adsorbent but partition probably plays a greater part than adsorption in the separation of components of the mixtures In this chromatography substances are distributed between two liquids ie one is the stationary liquid (generally water )which is detained in the fibers of the paper and is called as stationary phase, the other is the touching liquid or rising solvent and is called moving phase, The components of the mixture to be separated at different rates and appear as spots at different points on the paper The moment of components on the paper depends on the amount and nature of the stationary phase compared with the amount of mobile phase in the same part of the paper and also on the partition coefficient The rate of movement of mobile phase at the solvent front tends to be faster than at the position of the component on the paper ,it is better to defined as Rf RF= DISTANCE traveled by centre of component /Distance travelled by solvent front Types of paper chromatography 1 Descending chromatography Is defined as while the development of the paper is made by permiting the solvent to travel down the paper Advantage: 1. The development can be continued indefinitely even though the solvents run off at the other end of the paper 2. Ascending chromatography once the improvement of the paper is done by permitted the solvent to move up the paper it is recognized as ascending technique 3. Ascending – Descending chromatography In this procedure the upper fraction of the ascending chromatography can be folded over a glass rod permit the ascending expansion to change over into the descending after crossing the glass rod 4. Radial Paper chromatography This is also known as circular paper chromatography, this constructs utilize of radial development 5. Two dimensional chromatography In this a square or rectangular paper is utilized the sample is applied to one of the spot of the paper. The second development is performed at right angle to the direction of the first run This type of chromatography can be conceded out with identical solvent systems in the both the directions or by two solvent systems Importance of paper chromatography It is used for analyzing the polar compounds like amino acids, sugars and natural products, It also has been applied for the separation of many organic and biochemical products Thin layer chromatography: Thin layer chromatography is similar to paper chromatography except that a thin (025 mm) layer of some inert material such as AI2O3, MgO or Si o2 is used as the substrate instead of paper The process of thin layer chromatography was first established by izmailor and shraiber in 1938 Thin layer chromatography offers a faster and more efficient separation than paper chromatography and majority of paper chromatographic separations have now been superseded by thin layer chromatography procedures Thin layer chromatography has many advantages when compared to the other techniques like paper and column chromatography They are It requires very little time for separation Spraying with corrosive agents for credentials is also tolerable which is not achievable in paper chromatography as cellulose gets destroyed The method is used for partition , adsorption ,ion exchange chromatography as there is huge range of adsorbents obtainable This technique can be apply to preparative separation with the aid of thicker layer of adsorbents Thin layer chromatography has been included under both adsorption and partition chromatography ,in this the separation is carried on a glass or plastic plate which is coated with a thin uniform layer of finely divided inert adsorbent such as silica gel or alumina The plates are activated, the solution of the sample in a volatile solvent is applied by using a capillary tube or a micropipette to a spot keeping 1-2 cm from the bottom of TLC Plate ,the position of the sample spot is indicated by making a origin line on the plate with the lead pencil When the blemish has dried, the plate is positioned vertically in a suitable tank with it’s lower edge immersed in selected mobile phase The solvent rises by capillary action, resolving the sample mixture into separate spots at the end of the run the solvent is tolerable to vanish from the plate and the separated spots are situated and recognized by various physical and chemical methods Preparation of chromate plates With the help of pouring, dipping, spraying and spreading methods the chromatoplates are prepared, with help of qualitative and quantitative methods the TLC plate evaluated Ion exchange chromatography Separation of ionic substances may be carried out in glass columns similar to those described for adsorption and partition chromatography the chromatography medium – stationary phase is an ion exchange resin which is a polymer containing fixed charged groups and replaceable counter ions of the opposite charge, when a sample containing organic or inorganic ions is passed down the column the ions of the same charge as the counter ions displace the counter ions into the mobile phase and are retained on the column cationic and anionic exchange resins have positively and negatively charged counter ions respectively ,and retard the migration of the sample cations and anions respectively , Ion exchange chromatography: Separation of Ionic substances may be carried out in glass columns similar to those describes. Ion exchange resins: Modern resins are based on cross linked polystyrene prepared in bead form by the copolymerization of styrene divinyl benzene (DVB) Most commonly useful resins are prepared with approximately 8% DVB. Strong action exchange resins are prepared by sulphonating the free benzene rings. Strong anion exchange resins includes quaternary ammonium residues are prepared by chloromethylation of the free benzene rings followed by treatment with a tertiary amine salt ex: Trimethylamine amino hydrochloride. The strength and exchange capacities of ion exchange resins depend on the acidic or basic strength of the fine charged group. Thus the strongly acidic suphonic acid and strongly basic quaternary ammoinium groups give strong ion exchange resins with a high exchange capacity. Weaker exchange resins containing the weakly acidic carboxylic acid (COOH) or weakly basic derivatives of ammonia (ex: NHR2+Cl) generally have a lower exchange capacity. Applications: Used for the separation of similar ions Used for softening the hard water Purification of organic compounds Anion exchange chromatography include the assay of total halogenic salts using a resin in the OH form. Anion exchange is also used to separate heamine, and neomycin C from neomycin B t o test for neomycin C in Framycetin sulphate and neomycin sulphate. Gas Chromatography: The division of the components of a combination in the gaseous state could be achieved by partition column chromatography using a gaseous mobile phase was first made by martin and synge in 1941. In gas liquid chromatography: The immobile phase is a thin layer of a non-volatile liquid bound to a solid support and the mobile phase is a gas . A partition process occurs In gas-solid chromatography: Utilizes a solid adsorbent as the stationary phase and an adsorption process takes place Technique of gas chromatography: In this technique the sample is introduces in to the moving carrier gas stream and is carried by it through the column. The column contains either the active solid or a liquid of low vapour pressure held upon an inert solid. The active solid or non volatile liquid act as stationary phase whereas the carrier gas acts as mobile phase. The components of mixture sample distribute between two phases. The solubility or adsorption possessions might vary from component to component and therefore the components are carried along the column at different varies and finally emerge at the outlet of the column in distinct zones separates by the carrier gas. On rising the vapours of the constituent are detected by suitable detector accompanied by an automatic recording. Gas chromatographic appearances consists of Carrier Gas: Ex: Hydrogen, Helium Flow regulators and flow meters Ex: Rota-meter, soap bubble meter Injection devices: Columns Depending on its use:- Analytical Column Preparative Column Depending on its nature Packed column (Placed column are described as analytical column) Open tubular column Support coated open tubular column Temperature control devices Detectors ex: Katharometer Flame ionization factor Argon ionization factor Electron capture factor Recording and integrators Applications of GC: For qualitative analysis Quantitative analysis It is used for finishing of impurities present in the samples It is used for the separation and identification of lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, flavours, preservatives, colorants in food as well as vitamins steroids It is used for converting the non-volatile compounds in to volatile compounds by derivatization method. It is used for the determination of solvent residues or solvent if crystallization HPLC: The course of action of high performance liquid chromatography was developed in the late 1960s. The attitude of high performance liquid chromatography is so called because of its improved performance when compared to classified column chromatography. It is also described as high pressure liquid chromatography. Advantages of HPLC: There is ease of sample introduction and sample preparation There is speed of analysis Te analysis by HPLC is specific accurate and precise. It is used for the analysis of many polar, ionic substances, metabolic products and thermo-labile as well as non-volatile substances. Principles of HPLC: The technique is based on the same modes of separation as classified column chromatography i.e. partition, ion-exchange, adsorption and gel permeation, but it vary from column chromatography in that the mobile phase is pumped through the packed column under high pressure. Apparatus: the mode of operation of this system is isocratic i.e. one partition solvent or mixture is pumped throughout the analysis. For some determinations the solvent composition may be altered gradually to give gradient elution. Pumps: pumps are mandatory to distribute a stable flow of mobile phase at pressures varying from 1 to 550 bar. They are two types of pumps: Mechanical pumps: if the reciprocating piston type give a pulsating supply of mobile phase Dual piston reciprocating pump produce the two pistons are carefully phased so that simultaneously is filling the other is pumping. Injection systems: Injection ports are of two fundamental types Those in which the sample is injected directly in to the column Those in which the sample is deposed prior to the column bay and then swept by a valving action in to the column by mobile phase.

Difference in Us Gaap and International Accounting

IS IFRS a better Accounting Standard than US GAAP for achieving good financial reports? This research paper delivers an analysis of determining whether the International Financial Reporting Standards, hereafter known as IFRS, is a better reporting standard than the US Generally Accepted Accounting Principle (GAAP). Financial Statements have to provide high quality financial reporting information with regards to economic entities, primarily financial in nature, which are useful for economic decision making (FASB, 1999; IASB, 2008).International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) have been extremely involved in making IFRS the international Accounting Standard. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has been working on evaluating the implications of incorporating IFRS into the US financial reporting system, currently known as US GAAP. More than one hundred countries have moved to IFRS reporting, or have decided to require the use of these standards in the near future. (SEC,[2007]).Financial reports are a combination of four different key statements. They are balance sheets, income statements, cash flow statements and the statements of shareholders equity. Currently, the FASB is the highest authority in establishing generally accepted accounting for public and private companies in the United States. Financial reports are a necessary tool used by current and prospective investors to see how a company function and stands financially. It is also used to analyze and assess a company’s potential areas of growth as well as its areas of weakness.US GAAP has many guidelines and rules to follow whereas IFRS is more based on basic principle. Comparing the US Generally Accepted Accounting Principle (GAAP) and IFRS might help to understand which standards will better serve the Goal of achieving good financial reports. Both IFRS and US GAAP have many rules in common and are significantly similar due to the conjunction efforts of both officials over the years. Despite this, numerous differences between US GAAP and IFRS also exist. The big four audit firms have been instrumental in developing a difference between the standards.The followings are the comparisons of rules between IFRS and US GAAP to remotely see the difference between two accounting standards in three different areas. The areas are A) Revenue Recognition, B) Business Combination and C) Inventories. A) Revenue Recognition: US GAAP revenue recognition guidance is extensive and includes a significant number of standards issued by the Financial Accounting Standard Board (FASB) and the US Securities and Exchange Commission. The guidance tends to be highly detailed and is often industry-specific.One of the most common general revenue recognition issues has to do with the determination of when transaction with multiple deliverables should be separated into components and how the revenue gets allocated to the different components. Under US GAAP, detailed separation and allocation criteria is focused whereas IFRS focus on the economic substance of the transactions (Ernst & Young, 2011). Revenues are likely to increase with less detailed guidance under IFRS. B) Inventory Valuation: The US GAAP permits last in first out (LIFO), first in first out (FIFO), and weighted average cost.The inventories carried are recorded at the lower of the cost or market price. According to IFRS, first in first out and weighted average cost are only permitted. Companies that use last in first out must revalue inventory, which could result in tax liabilities due to the IRS’s last in first out conformity rule. C) Business combination: Business combination refers to the takeover of one enterprise by another. Business combinations are one of the important business activities carried out in current capital market (Bohusova, 2009). More than 13000 M&A transactions were carried out worldwide in 2006 (IASB, 2006).Although US GAAP has largely converged with IFRS in this area, certain important differences have remained. The business combination standards under US GAAP and IFRS have two major differences: (1) Full goodwill and (2) the requirements regarding recognition of contingent assets and contingent liabilities. Different requirements for impairment testing and accounting for deferred taxes are among the most significant. The Business combination project has contributed to Mergers and Acquisition recording harmonization and to comparability of financial statement in the area of business combination (Svoboda, 2009).Importance of Good Financial Reporting: Financial reporting and disclosure quality are very important because it is linked with various economic consequences such as market liquidity, firms’ cost of capital, and corporate decision making (Daske, 2006). It is relatively impossible to compute all of the economic consequences that may have cause due to corporate decision. Additionally, all the effects a re not properly understood nor will there be supportive evidence. Investors depend upon the financial reports provided by the companies for investment opportunities.Financial reports provided by the companies are the only evidence of the effectiveness of reporting quality. Less informed investors are worried about the better informed investors. This causes less informed investors to lower the price of the security to protect against the losses from trading with better informed financiers. The unwillingness of the less informed investors reduces the liquidity of the securities market. Corporate disclosure can alleviate the problem and increase market liquidity by leveling information among investors (Verracchia, 2001).Good reporting and disclosure can affect the cost of capital. Better disclosure can improve risk sharing in the economy, either by making investors aware of certain securities or by making them more willing to hold them, which again reduces the cost of capital (Diamond and Verrecchia, 1991). It is also very likely that better reporting improves corporate decision making. For instance the efficiency of firm’s investment decision would improve. There have been a number of studies conducted suggesting that better reporting leads to higher investment efficiency.However, the evidence on the effects of reporting quality on corporate decisions is still in its early stages (Biddle et al, 2008). The disclosure of one firm can be very useful to other firms for decision-making purpose but it can also help reduce agency problems in other firms. The disclosure of operating performance and governance engagements provides useful standards that help outside investors to evaluate other firm’s managerial efficiency or potential agency conflicts and doing so lowers the cost of monitoring. Another very important element of corporate reporting is its comparability among firms.Corporate reporting can be precisely useful to the investors and other stakehol ders if they are using similar accounting standards. More comparable reporting makes it easier to differentiate between less and more profitable firms, which in turn reduces information asymmetries among investors and provides lower risk to the investors. These improvement resulting from greater comparability can also increase market liquidity and reduce firms cost of capital (Daske, 2006). Better comparability can also have positive effects on corporate decision making.More comparable reports allow firms to make better informed investment choices due to a better understanding of competing firms, both within a country and across countries. Growing numbers of firms with comparable financial reports increases the number of two ways communication linkages in the â€Å"Financial reporting† network. This enhances the value of the overall network to both the investors and firms (Meeks and Swann, 2008). Although there are many benefits of more comparable reporting and disclosure, th ere are also costs to improving corporate reporting.The reporting and disclosure costs include the preparation and certification. Regulators should carefully weigh the convergence of costs and benefits to firms, investors, and other parties in the economy. The benefit of high quality and more comparable reporting may also vary significantly across industries and markets. Impact of IFRS in Foreign Countries: Financial reporting quality is affected by many factors other than just the accounting principle adopted. These include legal and political systems, reporting incentives and other market incentives. Ball, Robin, & Wu, 2003). The quality of financial reporting also depends on the relevance and reliability of the financial and non-financial information recognized and disclosed (Ferrari, Momente, and Reggiani, 2011). Empirical research conducted by Ferrari, Momente and Reggiani studied the earning quality in relation between the German companies practicing IFRS and German companies practicing German accounting standards (HGB). This research has been conducted based on German companies, excluding financials and utilities listed on the Frankfurt stock exchange.German is the only large country in Europe with a strong set of local GAAP where a substantial quantity of firms applied IFRS on a voluntary basis before 2005. Out of 746 German companies 368 were following IRFS and 378 companies were following HGB (SEE APPENDEX 1). The mathematical finding articulates that the analyses supports the idea that the IFRS adopter are generally characterized by a level of earnings management lower than or equal to the HGB adopters. Another study conducted by Daske, Hall, Leuz and Verdi looked for evidence on economic consequences after mandatory IFRS Reporting.The analyses were based on market liquidity and cost of capital in 26 different countries. Their research provides us with the synopsis on the capital market effects after introducing the IFRS in 26 countries around the w orld. The study analyzes the effects in stock market liquidity, cost of equity capital, and equity valuations. The results propose that the mandatory adopters experience statistically significant increases in market liquidity after IFRS reporting becomes compulsory. These research and results indicate that results have mixed results on quality changes after the adaption of IFRS in different countries.Whether IFRS can work properly in markets that are disciplined mainly by regulators rather than the market mechanism can be verified by observing the adoption of IFRS by China (DING & SU, 2008). What’s more, a single set of standards may not be suitable for all settings and thus may not improve reliability due to differences among countries (Soderstrom & Sun, 2007). The adoption of IFRS in the Chinese economy has significantly improved the quality of accounting and reported earnings (Liu el at, 2001).Evidence also reveals that value significance of reported earnings increased whi le earning leveling decreased with the standard change. Empirical evidence showed by Daske et al. ’s (2008) claim that quality improvement from IFRS adoption is expected to be higher for adopters with poorer quality as firms audited by the Big Four before the standard change. This clearly shows that IFRS has been the preferable accounting standards for foreign countries. Is Conversion to IFRS economically advantage? Quality reporting and more comparable reporting and disclosure can create economy-wide benefits.Therefore it is safe to say that it makes economic sense for regulators to access the current reporting environment within a market or country to determine if any changes to the reporting environment could move reporting quality and comparability closer to the peak. My question is, what role the accounting standards play in achieving good quality and comparable reporting practices? How will policymaker achieve these goals? The capital markets and investors appreciate hi gher transparency and high quality reporting.However, the evidence from academic studies suggests a limited role of standards in influencing reporting practices (Daske, 2006). To further support this point, we need to highlight the role of reporting incentives and institutional frameworks in shaping firms’ reporting practices. We can also assume that changing the accounting standards can also lead to undesirable effects depending upon the economy. Studies steered by Ball and Shivakumar (2005) illustrated the importance of firms reporting incentives, rather than accounting standards, as key drivers of observed reporting quality.The studies identify that accounting standards give firms considerable reporting choice because the application of the standards involves considerable judgment since accounting measurements rely on management’s private information and involve an assessment of the future, making them subjective demonstration of management’s evidence set. Fi rms reporting inducements are molded by many factors which includes the capital market forces, the law of the nation and a firm’s compensation on performance to the management.It is relevant for the IFRS debater that the studies show that even the firms with the same accounting standards, reporting practices fluctuate considerably across firms and countries (Ball and Shivakumar, 2005). Studies also shows that even if these standards are strictly enforced and implemented, moving to a single set of accounting standards is not enough to produce comparability of reporting and disclosure practices (Ball and Shivakumar, 2005). This proves that accounting standards are more limited than often thought.They are just one of many factors which help shape actual reporting and disclosure practices. Accounting standards are a very important organized element that affects financial reporting practices in a country. In a good economy, these elements are most likely to help one another becaus e accounting information plays an important role in financial contracting (Ball, 2001). Investors in public equity markets use financial statements to witness their entitlements, make speculations, or use their rights at shareholder meetings.Therefore, it is practical to think that corporate reporting improvements in conjunction with other institutional factors to enable financial transaction and contracting (Ball, 2001). IFRS is favored because of the idea behind its effects on capital market and investors. Another thing to consider is that the adoption of IFRS can also improve financial reporting to outside investors. We can conclude that IFRS leans more toward capital markets which is more relevant to investors. Tightening the accounting standard can reduce the level of earning management and improve reporting quality (Soderstrom, 2007).Hence, IFRS helps to lower the quantity of reporting discretion comparative to many local GAAP. However reducing the level of reporting discretio n can also makes it more difficult for management to track their private information through the financial statements. Using a similar accounting standard across the world likely improves foreigner’s ability to notice earnings management and accounting manipulations. Hence, a shift to IFRS does in fact increase the comparability of a firm’s report, and it can also improve market liquidity. In contrary, Daske et al. 2008) verifies that the capital market effects around the mandatory IFRS reporting are not evenly distributed across countries because countries with weak law enforcement and reporting incentives are most susceptible to remain substantially unaffected by the IFRS mandate. There is evidence of constructive capital market outcome by the IFRS mandate in several countries. However, there is significant variance in the effects across firms and countries. IFRS adoptions in the US economy rests on whether the quality of US firms reporting fluctuate in the capital m arket.Therefore, it is necessary to acknowledge such changes in reporting quality are likely to occur. IFRS is now similarly compared with US GAAP and the remaining differences are minor (Krishnan el at 2012). Both standards have a similar fundamental viewpoint and capital market positioning. In 2002, the two standard setting bodies issued a Memorandum of Understanding (â€Å"Norwalk Agreement†), agreeing to make the two financial reporting standards more compatible and to coordinate their future work program in order to maintain compatibility (FASB (1999).IFRS and US GAAP have converged in many areas bringing both standards closer to each other. The US is one of the largest economies in the world. The institutional framework of the US economy is very unique. US firms typically rely heavily on publicly traded external finance (Juang el at, 2012). Directly or indirectly, a larger portion of US household hold debt and equity securities through mutual funds compare to other coun tries. Retirement savings represents a substantial amount of those securities. Hence, the regulators have a great responsibility to support this financial system.Therefore, the current securities laws and the US GAAP primarily are geared towards supporting public debt and equity markets. The US economy and its capital market are diverse. Reporting outcomes under US GAAP are generally considered to be high quality because of its ability to reflect economic events in a timely manner (Ball et al, 2001). The public enforcement system is supplemented by robust private administration, intimidating lawsuit, and potentially substantial financial consequences for managers, directors, and corporations that engage in reporting crimes.FASB standards and additional SEC filing rules requires a more substantial amount of disclosure than in any other countries (SEC). Hence, a switch to IFRS can bring a dilemma weather to maintain disclosure requirements mandated by the SEC or stick to IFRS limited disclosure (SEC). Cost Analysis of Adopting IFRS-From the preceding discussion, the capital market benefits of IFRS and the effects on U. S reporting practices are likely to be small. However, let’s take a look at the cost consequences of adopting IFRS.In the first year of publishing IFRS reports, companies will have to train their employees in the preparation of IFRS financial statements. Hiring outside specialists and consultants and upgrading the software are other major expenses companies will have to bear. It should be noted that there will be additional revenue for the firms who does the advisory and auditing of those firms. Not surprisingly, many of the accounting firms take very optimistic attitude regarding the potential adoption of IFRS by the US. The cost for US firms would be substantial.According to ICAEW, 2007 per firm estimates ranging from 0. 31% of total sales for firms with sales below $700 million to . 05% of total sales for larger firms. This amounts to an average onetime cost of $430,000 for small firms and $3. 24 million for large firms. Based on these estimates, the US economy as a whole could cost up to $8 billion. The cost might go up if SEC requires firms to provide reports under both standards. Although the one-time conversion costs are likely to be substantial, there is no guarantee for any recurring cost.There might be periodic costs associated with inconsistencies within the US legal and institutional system (ICAEW, 2007). To my understanding issues like this wouldn’t be easily to fixed. One can argue that there are also many reasons to believe that adoption of IFRS could also save money because of a single global reporting system in the long run. The foreign US holdings multinationals often have to fulfill with the domestic reporting standards of their residence which is most likely to be IFRS. If foreign multinationals that use IFRS no longer have to maintain US GAAP reporting then they will save money on the conve rsion.The adoption of IFRS could save money to many US firms indirectly. Effect on Education System due to conversion: The accounting professionals and educators need to be brought up to speed in an adequately time frame in order for smooth conversion to IFRS. As mentioned earlier, China and Germany were able to convert the standard smoothly; the same should be possible in the U. S. The big four accounting firms have been releasing a number of reports that IFRS education is lagging behind. The big four accounting firm have reported that U.S. investors and issuers are not yet appropriately educated with IFRS, and that at present college curriculums, text books and other instructional tools do not adequately train students and other interested parties in IFRS proficiencies (Ernst & Young, 2007b; KPMG, 2008b). Writers Point of View: This research paper has mentioned a few times about the issues related to the compatibility of IFRS with the US institutional framework. The countryâ€℠¢s financial reporting system is a very important determinant of aggregate economic effects.Hence, the financial reporting system is one of the basics of country’s organized framework which is likely to detect the performance of a country’s financial and economic system. A switch to IFRS by US regulators can cause unwanted concerns for the US economy if there are any incompatibilities with other elements of the organizational framework, even when IFRS are thought to be high quality and perform well in other countries. Financial markets are a network where one is reliant upon others’ financial reports. It is difficult to ascertain and quantify the complexity that can caused due to the adoption of IFRS.As countries institutional frameworks play a key role in determining manager’s reporting inducements and the use of discretion, it is significant to know whether the amount of reporting preference in IFRS creates a problem for the US litigation system since i t is moderately exclusive. Because IFRS has less specific standards and guidance, executives have to apply more judgment in interpreting IFRS. IFRS could lead to uncertainty about litigation outcomes which could even induce executives to make conservative accounting decisions.A vital issue is whether a single set of accounting standards is necessary and would benefit firms, investors, and additional stakeholders. Striving for a single set of accounting standards can generate some cost savings and comparability supports, but the adoption of IFRS in the US would also eliminate the existing competition between IFRS and US GAAP. This could also mean the monopoly of IFRS. Monopoly has never been a good sign in the business world for a consumer. As I have mentioned earlier in my paper, US GAAP and IFRS have very small differences.Hence, it makes perfect logic that comparability of US GAAP is likely to increase globally because additional countries plan on adopting IFRS. US investors will be in better position if they are capable of understanding the IFRS due to growing adoption around the globe. Alternatively, FASB could keep up with the work on adapting the favorable principles of IFRS into the US GAAP yet not converting completely into IFRS. U. S investors and executives will have sufficient time to adapt with the change if U. S GAAP is slowly modified to converge with IFRS.This could possibly be the most inexpensive and least disruptive option for the US economy. CONCLUSION: A vital role of accounting standards is to cut back the transactions cost of communicating data among various shareholders, permitting them to make more effective judgments and to undertake transactions within, outside, and among firms. There are pros and cons for adopting IFRS. Comparability could be seen as pros whereas higher initial cost for convergence and monopoly of IFRS could be seen as cons. Since US economy is very complex, the effect of IFRS could not be forecasted in its eternity. It is better for US regulator to slowly convert the favorable principle of IFRS into US GAAP. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Ball, R. , A Robin, and Wu, 2003, Incentives Versus Standards: Properties of Accounting Income in four East Asian Countries, Journal of Accounting and Economics36, 235-270. Ball, R. , 2001, Infrastructure Requirements of an Economically Efficient System of Public Fianncial Reporting and Disclosure, in Brooking- Wharton papers on Financial Services, R. Litan, And T. Herring (eds), Brooking Insitution Press, Washington, 127-169. Ball, R. , Shivakumar, 2005, Earning quality in U.K Private Firms, Journal of Accounting and Economics 39, 83-128 Biddle, G, G Hilary and R. Verdi, 2008, How does Financial Reporing Quality Improve Investment Efficiency.? Working paper, University of Hong Kong, Hong kong university of science & technology and MIT Sloan School of Management. Bohusova, Hana, and Patrick Svoboda. â€Å"IFRS AND US GAAP CONVERGENCE IN AREA OF MERGER AND ACQUISITION. † Economics & Management 14. 1822-6515 (2009): 20-27. Print. Daske, Holger. â€Å"Economic Benefits Of Adopting IFRS Or US-GAAP – Have The Expected Cost Of Equity Capital Really Decreased?. Journal Of Business Finance & Accounting 33. 3/4 (2006): 329-373. Business Source Premier. Web. 6 Aug. 2012. (65 pages) Daske, H. , Hail, L. , Leuz & Verdi, R. (2008). Mandatory IFRS reporting around the world: Early evidence on the economic consequences. 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Comprehensive Sexual Education Essay - 1154 Words

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Essay on Music of the Night A Short Story - 1906 Words

Music of the night Pain shot through Ruth’s gnarled knotted hands. Hands twisted by arthritis. Hands that once made audiences weep as they flew over the keyboard of the Steinway. Hands, which the New York Times once called the hands of an angel. Now she was the one weeping. She thought of her wasted life. Her gorgeous silk dresses replaced with rough clothing. Now she wore garments appropriate for cleaning the concert hall where she once performed. Her dreams were gone dashed on the rocks of reality. She took this job to near the stage that had brought her so much joy. Tears misted her eyes obscuring her vision. Never again would she hear the thunderous applause, or experience the standing ovation of thousands. Those days were†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Hay, don’t I know you?† â€Å"No, sir.† Ruth said turning her face away. â€Å"I just started here last week.† â€Å"Well, if you want to keep your job make sure this place is gleaming. 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